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Notice
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Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72)
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1. Report No. FHWA-SA-15-063 |
2. Government Accession No. |
3. Recipient's Catalog No. |
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4. Title and Subtitle Synthesis of Pavement Marking Research |
5. Report Date June 2015 |
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6. Performing Organization Code |
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7. Author(s) Paul J. Carlson |
8. Performing Organization Report No. |
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9. Performing Organization Name and Address Leidos Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) |
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11. Contract or Grant No. Contract DTFH61-10-D-000024 |
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12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Office of Safety |
13. Type of Report and Period Covered Contract DTFH61-10-D-000024 |
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14. Sponsoring Agency Code HSA |
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15. Supplementary Notes Contracting Officer's Technical Manager: Andy Mergenmeier |
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16. Abstract This report provides a synthesis of recent research focused on longitudinal pavement markings. It offers a review of when and where longitudinal pavement markings are used. It also covers two of the most important parameters in terms of increasing the effectiveness of pavement markings: width and retroreflectivity. These items are within the control of owners and operators. By better understanding how width and retroreflectivity impact operational performance, visibility, and safety, highway agencies can increase the effectiveness of their pavement marking policies. This synthesis is intended to provide a reference about what is known on the subject and what questions still remain. The research recommendations are based on the synthesized material. Ongoing or pending research that is known is noted where appropriate. |
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17. Key Words retroreflectivity, traffic control devices, pavement markings, operational performance, visibility, safety, durability |
18. Distribution Statement No restrictions. |
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19. Security Classification (of this report) Unclassified |
20. Security Classification (of this page) Unclassified |
21. No of Pages 34 |
22. Price N/A |
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72)
Reproduction of completed page authorized.
SI* (Modern Metric) Conversion Factors
| Symbol | When You Know | Multiply By | To Find | Symbol |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length | ||||
| in | inches | 25.4 | millimeters | mm |
| ft | feet | 0.305 | meters | m |
| yd | yards | 0.914 | meters | m |
| mi | miles | 1.61 | kilometers | km |
| Area | ||||
| in2 | square inches | 645.2 | square millimeters | mm2 |
| ft2 | square feet | 0.093 | square meters | m2 |
| yd2 | square yard | 0.836 | square meters | m2 |
| ac | acres | 0.405 | hectares | ha |
| mi2 | square miles | 2.59 | square kilometers | km2 |
| Volume | ||||
| fl oz | fluid ounces | 29.57 | milliliters | mL |
| gal | gallons | 3.785 | liters | L |
| ft3 | cubic feet | 0.028 | cubic meters | m3 |
| yd3 | cubic yards | 0.765 | cubic meters | m3 |
| NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 | ||||
| Mass | ||||
| oz | ounces | 28.35 | grams | g |
| lb | pounds | 0.454 | kilograms | kg |
| T | short tons (2000 lb) | 0.907 | megagrams (or "metric ton") | Mg (or"t") |
| Temperature (exact degrees) | ||||
| °F | Fahrenheit | 5 (F-32)/9 or (F-32)/1.8 |
Celsius | °C |
| Illumination | ||||
| fc | foot-candles | 10.76 | lux | lx |
| fl | foot-Lamberts | 3.426 | candela/m2 | cd/m2 |
| Force and Pressure or Stress | ||||
| lbf | poundforce | 4.45 | newtons | N |
| lbf/in2 | poundforce per square inch | 6.89 | kilopascals | kPa |
| Symbol | When You Know | Multiply By | To Find | Symbol |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length | ||||
| mm | millimeters | 0.039 | inches | in |
| m | meters | 3.28 | feet | ft |
| m | meters | 1.09 | yards | yd |
| km | kilometers | 0.621 | miles | mi |
| Area | ||||
| mm2 | square millimeters | 0.0016 | square inches | in2 |
| m2 | square meters | 10.764 | square feet | ft2 |
| m2 | square meters | 1.195 | square yards | yd2 |
| ha | hectares | 2.47 | acres | ac |
| km2 | square kilometers | 0.386 | square miles | mi2 |
| Volume | ||||
| mL | milliliters | 0.034 | fluid ounces | fl oz |
| L | liters | 0.264 | gallons | gal |
| m3 | cubic meters | 35.314 | cubic feet | ft3 |
| m3 | cubic meters | 1.307 | cubic yards | yd3 |
| Mass | ||||
| g | grams | 0.035 | ounces | oz |
| kg | kilograms | 2.202 | pounds | lb |
| Mg (or "t") | megagrams (or "metric ton") | 1.103 | short tons (2000 lb) | T |
| Temperature (exact degrees) | ||||
| °C | Celsius | 1.8C+32 | Fahrenheit | °F |
| Illumination | ||||
| lx | lux | 0.0929 | foot-candles | fc |
| cd/m2 | candela/m2 | 0.2919 | foot-Lamberts | fl |
| Force and Pressure or Stress | ||||
| N | newtons | 02.225 | poundforce | lbf |
| kPa | kilopascals | 0.145 | poundforce per square inch | lbf/in2 |
* SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003)
List of Abbreviations and Symbols
| AADT | annual average daily traffic |
| AASHTO | American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials |
| FHWA | Federal Highway Administration |
| mcd/m2/lx | millicandelas per square meter per lux |
| MoDOT | Missouri Department of Transportation |
| MUTCD | Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices |
| NCHRP | National Cooperative Highway Research Program |
| NCDOT | North Carolina Department of Transportation |
| NPA | Notice of Proposed Amendments |
| QR | quick response |
| RFID | radio frequency identification |
| RRPM | raised retroreflective pavement marker |
| vpd | vehicles per day |